What mechanism allows the body to force pathogens out through irritation?

Coughing and sneezing are bodily mechanisms that play a crucial role in the immune system's defense against pathogens. These reflex actions are triggered by irritation in the respiratory tract, which can occur when pathogens, irritants, or foreign bodies invade the airways.

When the lining of the respiratory system becomes irritated—such as by the presence of a virus or bacteria—the body responds by initiating a cough or sneeze. During coughing, the muscles of the chest and abdomen contract powerfully to expel air quickly, providing a forceful burst of airflow that helps to eject mucus and trapped pathogens from the airways. Sneezing functions similarly, where a sudden expulsion of air through the nose and mouth aims to clear irritants from the nasal passages.

These actions not only help to clear the airways of potential pathogens but also play a role in preventing the spread of infectious agents to others, underscoring their importance in infection control and public health.